Essay --

John Berger notes that, ‘original paintings are silent and still in a sense that information never is’. This observation is not different in the case of Vincent Van Gogh's Cafe Terrace at Night (1888). While visiting a museum, I stumbled across this painting, one of Vincent Van Gogh’s great works. My next move was to engage with the painting, with the aim of understanding critical information in relation to its meaning, significance and importance in both the traditional and modern context (Whitney et al, 360). This is to ensure that we learn more about the eye-catching paintings hanging on the walls of museums. In addition, this approach is vital in understanding both the literal and hidden meaning of such a painting, as intended by the artist. The name of the picture speaks volumes in relation to its context and setting; it is a night scene. From a literal perspective, the picture shows a large establishment where people from the region can enjoy their coffee by night. On the other hand, the picture also focuses on the expression of an important meaning in accordance with the intention and the aim of the painter in its composition. For instance, Van Gogh focuses on expressing a beautiful event aided by the stars and the bright sky. In addition, the painting integrates bright colors to express a peaceful encounter during a bright night (Brower 200). Firstly, I thought it would be satisfying to understand specific data in relation to the development of this painting. I asked myself; â€Å"When was this picture made?† Vincent Van Gogh’s the Cafà © Terrace, at Night 1888, was painted between the 9th and the 16th of September 1888. The next key question was the location. I learnt that the picture was painted in Arles. According to an obse... ...to different generations in the history of Arles (Punt et al, 228). In the 21st century, the painting still has a great meaning to the people of Arles. This indicates that the painting expresses a cultural relevance to the people of Arles in a similar manner to that which they felt in the 19th century. This attachment is valuable in enhancing my interaction with the painting. Analysis indicates that the painting has diverse meanings in relation to the type of interaction an individual has with the picture. The picture is never silent once you ask relevant questions such as its meaning, intention, and significance to the artist and the target audience. Moreover, the picture could be of meaning and relevance to individuals from different generations or centuries. This is because the painting has captured and exhibited a beautiful scene (The Drawings of Van Gogh 12).

British expansion into Africa between 1868 and 1902 Essay

To what extent were humanitarian and missionary motives the most important reason for British expansion into Africa between 1868 and 1902? Although there had been British presence in Africa from the start of the 19th Century, with British areas of control including Cape Colony, Orange Free State and areas along the West coast, prior to 1880 Britain had in reality very few possessions in Africa. Only when the ‘Scramble for Africa’ was triggered did Britain, along with many other European great powers, begin its campaign for territorial acquisition. The fundamental motives for British expansion into Africa were essentially the economic interest Africa held for Britain and its entrepreneurs, the rivalry Africa created between the Great European Powers, its strategic value and what was commonly presented to the British public as being the most important motive, humanitarian purposes. For many, including Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain, it was believed that Britain had a moral obligation to bring civilization and Christianity to the native population who were considered to be ‘uncivilized’ and racially inferior. Moreover, the Church strongly promoted the idea of missionary work in Africa; the Church encouraged the notion that a fundamental element of imperial occupation was the extension of Christianity which therefore was a motive behind imperialism in Africa. Many missionary societies were created such as the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel which conducted fund-raising activities and lectures. An example of a well known missionary was Mary Slessor who went to carry out her mission in Africa. Particularly concerned with tribal customs viewed as ‘un-Christian’, she set out to end human sacrifice, slavery and other forms of brutality. However, in reality humanitarian motives were of very limited significance in motivating British expansion into Africa; Britain was not simply guided by altruism and a quest to help the native populations, but instead was largely led by the economic and strategic interests the continent represented for it. Ultimately, it is likely that missionary incentives were simply conveyed as significant in order to win over public opinion and support, particularly through the media and popular entertainment. Of considerably greater significance to Britain was the strategic value that Africa held. Africa had always been strategically vital for Britain’s trade route to the Jewel of its Empire, India. Although Britain had few possessions in Africa before 1880, the few it did have included Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and Cape Colony, all of which were deliberately very strategically situated along the coast. This provided Britain with stopping points and allowed it to ensure the security of its position along the long trade route to India. After the construction of the Suez Canal in 1969 Africa, and in particular Egypt, became of even greater strategic importance as the canal provided a quick route to India. As a result the canal attracted considerable British investment in Egypt and in the canal itself. This was illustrated when Britain invaded Egypt in 1882 in response to nationalist riots. British intervention demonstrated how Britain recognized the need to protect the financial investments in Egypt, and most importantly secure the route to India, despite Gladstone’s own personal policy of non-intervention. Moreover, it demonstrates how strategic considerations were ultimately only significant in order to protect Britain’s trade routes and its economic interests in Africa. However, the British occupation of Egypt in 1882 resulted in a turning point in European attitudes towards Africa. It was after this occupation that the ‘Scramble for Africa’ by European powers began, thus creating the issue of extreme rivalry between the Great powers, something which was very important in motivating formal British control in Africa. Until the 1880’s Britain felt no real need to establish formal territorial control, instead it relied on an ‘informal empire’ in which they had established a purely economic influence. Britain had not wished for territorial control in Africa which they recognized absorbed time, people and money but rather economic exploitation at minimum cost. Yet British seizure of Egypt meant that other European nations began to show expansionist interest in the region which in turn threatened Britain’s informal arrangement, particularly in West and Southern Africa. For example, Britain had an interest in Nigeria but a danger was that important trade along the River Niger would be under threat from French expansion in the area. Similar pressure came when Germany seized Togoland and the Cameroons in 1884 and the Belgians set up the Congo Free State in 1885. As a result the government granted a Royal Charter to the Niger Company, out of which eventually emerged the colony of Nigeria. It is unlikely that the government would have regarded the interests of the Niger traders very sympathetically had it not been for its determination not to allow France, Belgium and Germany from grabbing land which would threaten British trade, something which was of foremost importance to Britain and it would not allow to be compromised. The scramble in West Africa had also resulted in Berlin West Africa Conference which laid down rules for future annexation of territory. The treaty stated that in order to gain land a nation had to prove that they were in ‘effective occupation’. This meant that before taking formal control, an economic influence had to be established in the region by private investors and entrepreneurs. For example, a noted ‘man on the spot’ was Cecil Rhodes. At the age of seventeen Rhodes went to Arica and became a multimillionaire through diamond and gold mining enterprises. In 1889 he founded the British South Africa Company and used this organization to push British control northwards from Cape Colony to establish Rhodesia, a colony named after himself. The role of the individual itself was of limited importance in driving or furthering British expansion into Africa as few entrepreneurs managed o push forward territory as Rhodes had. However, it was ultimately motivated by economic interests and it allowed the British government to most significantly protect British influence in an area by proving ‘effective occupation’ which therefore allowed Britain to compete in the scramble with other nations and thereby protect its trade and economic interests in Africa. Finally, of foremost importance in motivating British expansion into Africa was the economic interest the continent held for Britain. Firstly Britain’s colonies along the west coast had always been strategically important for the vital trade route to India and later North Africa became equally as vital in Britain’s route to India via the Suez Canal. However, beyond this Britain was extremely keen to exploit the continents abundance of natural materials and extremely valuable minerals. This is evident as Britain was clearly only interested in seizing colonies that, if not strategically important, were rich in materials to exploit. For example, Egypt was seized by Britain due to its vast economic importance as it provided the quick route to India and additionally produced high quality cotton which was much sought after by British textile manufacturers. Furthermore the attraction to the British of Nigeria lay in the palm oil trade as palm oil was used in the manufacture of soap and candles and as an industrial lubricant. Britain also saw great potential for trade in East Africa; Zanzibar imported significant quantities of manufactured goods from Britain and India. It was a major trading point from which came ivory and leather goods and into which went textiles, brass and steel from Britain. Britain’s primary interest was trade and economic gain. Without any economic potential in an area Britain was not interested in colonization, in contrast if a region held great economic investments, for example Egypt, Britain was quick to occupy the area despite its reluctance to extend formal control which it viewed as consuming time, people and money. In summary, Africa’s economic potential was clearly the primary reason for British expansion into Africa 1868-1902. Britain was not a solely altruistic nation which became involved in the continent purely to help the people, instead it was driven by its own gains. It is true that rivalry from other great European powers was vital in turning British control in Africa from informal into solid occupation, however essentially Britain’s determination not to allow other nations to grab land was to avoid threat to its trade and economic interests in a region. Moreover, Africa’s strategic importance was also highly valued by Britain, yet once again its ultimate value lay in its path along the crucial route to India and therefore the protection of Britain’s economic interest.

Famous Inventors - G Biographies

Political Parties And Its Impact On Society - 1191 Words

In the twenty-first century, political parties are a very important aspect of our society. After recently wrapping up a presidential election, we see how greatly elected officials impact our everyday lives. Civilization has truly evolved since the beginning of the political parties in the 1600’s started by the Ancient Greeks. During that time, two groups who are known as the Patricians and the Plebeians made many of the decisions for the Greek society. The Patricians were made up of the Nobel families and families that were born into royalty, and the Plebeians represented the middle class. Even in that time we see how much of an impact social class had on decision making. In the late 1700’s, many felt it was time for the change in†¦show more content†¦These colonial merchants had passed their wealth to their children.† (Book, Section 9.4). One of the most powerful families in American history were founders of the private banking service J.S. Morgan CO. The Middle Class consisted mainly of artisans, which were workers who made their items from scratch using their hands, and small business owners. These people valued challenging work and worked to provide for their family because they did not have the cushion lifestyle that the elite upper class did. Finally, the working class was made up of Industrialization workers. These individuals suffered the most when any economic crisis occurred. In terms of the political parties in the early United States, the wealthy elite supported federalism because it benefited the bank owners and kept money in their pockets. The Democratic republic party supported more of the middle class and working class. Their desire was to limit the central government s control because a strong central government will weaken the states’ rights and the rights of the people. The War of 1812 helped the decline of federalism in the United States, which in turn contributed to the rise of Andrew Jackson. British empire set a restriction on American trade, called the Embargo Act of 1807,Show MoreRelatedThe Growing Ideological Gap Between The United States’1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe growing ideological gap between the United States’ two major political parties, in other words, rising levels of political polarization, has had a negative impact on American politics as it results in Congressional inefficient, public apathy, and economic inequality. The United States has maintained its two party system for some time, but the major parties have not always been so clearly separated. In the early and mid-twentieth century, polarization was actually declining, as there was muchRead MoreWhat the U.S. Government Shut Down Teaches Us About Organizational Corruption976 Words   |  4 Pagesputting those interests ahead of the survival of the communities they represent, and society at large, they have corrupted the very goals and purposes of the U.S. Constitution. 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Health and Social Care Unit 201 - 1403 Words

Unit 201 Introduction to communication in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings. Outcome 1 - Understanding ways communication is important in the work setting. 1) Identify different reasons why people communicate 2) Explain how effective communication affects all aspects of own work 3) Explain why it is important to observe an individuals reaction when communicating with them Outcome 2 – Be able to meet the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals 1) Find out an individuals communication and language needs, wishes and preferences 2) Demonstrating communication methods that meet an individuals communication needs, wishes and preferences 3)†¦show more content†¦This may be because there is a problem; they are worried about something or not confident. The way someone sits and the way they use there hands and gestures is also an indicator. Noticing these signs is important so that any issues can be dealt with. Outcome 2 – Be able to meet the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals (1) Find out an individuals communication and language needs, wishes and preferences Everyone has different ways in which they communicate and have a wide range of communication needs. These factors need to be considered; †¢ Sensory ability – hearing loss and visual impairment †¢ Language – not being able to speak or understand the language you speak †¢ Self-confidence – not being able to talk to people due to maybe being shy, this also may be linked to one of the other factors which gives them low self-confidence †¢ Level of learning disability - dependent on severity understanding and processing information may be difficult for them, may have a short attention span, repeating the information may be needed. 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Nurses need to know specificallyRead MoreUnit 1 Err 2011683 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Unit 201- Outcome 1 Aspects of Employment - Dismissal, redundancy, retirement and TUPE - Breaches of contract - Health and Safety - Maternity / Paternity leave - Holidays, sickness and compassionate leave - Discrimination and bullying in work place - Removal of barriers for disabled people - Data Protection - Discrimination during recruitment process - Equality within the workplace, for example, working hours, pay, benefits - How you are managed in the work place - Entitlement to career developmentRead MoreUnit 201 Essay954 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 4222-245 Understand the context of supporting individuals with learning disabilities (LD 201) OUTCOME 1 Understand the legislation and policies that support the human rights and inclusion of individuals with learning disabilities. 1.1. 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Essay on The Consuming Habits Of Lgbt Individuals Essay Example For Students

Essay on The Consuming Habits Of Lgbt Individuals Essay New Question: Is there a link between the consuming habits of LGBT individuals, given the wide acceptance of their lifestyle?On June 26, 2015 Gay marriage was legalized, marking a monumental and historic moment in history. Nowadays you see and hear through all different forms of media about being gay lesbian bi-sexual and/or transgender. A cultural shift is occurring in society today bringing the LGBT conversation to the forefront in media. In the political arena, LGBT equality issues are continuously in debate. In pop culture, there are now more positive representations of LGBTs as demonstrated by two popular TV shows ‘Glee’ and ‘Modern Family. ’ Being homosexual and expressing your sexuality is very predominated in today s society. Given that being gay or lesbian is now normalized many companies are trying to capitalize on it. Therefore, I believe there is a link between the consuming habits of the LGBT community due to more companies trying to advertise to them through advertisements via different platforms of media.Explanation on the shift of the gay market. Each year companies spend millions of dollars trying to advertise their product to consumers especially now to their homosexual customers. Companies have now set up divisions within the companies with it sole purpose is to focus on LGBT marketing. LGBT marketing also known as â€Å"Gay marketing† or â€Å"gay and lesbian marketing† refers to advertising campaigns designed to appeal to gay male and/or lesbian consumers† The term gay market can be explained as advertising aimed at more directly gay male and lesbian females. The gay market has been part of a major shift of the entertainment and advertising industry especially with the last 30 years. Advertising to LGBT people. . business did not only decrease by those in the LGBT community, but by supporters of this cultural shift. In the event that yes, as time goes on the need to consume increase, however, depending of how the product is advertised is the leading factor on if the product gets brought or not. Those who need how to sale their product and know who and when top sale it to are the companies benefiting from the most profit growth. So when it comes down to it, the driving force is the advertisement. Overall, the idea behind gay marketing is to market into those who companies may not normally think of when they want to advertise a product. But with time, minor and major companies saw an opportunity to increase business and brand loyalty. The fact that these companies spend time and money to create company divisions whose sole purpose is to focus on advertising to homosexuals.

Robert Aldrich Essays - English-language Films, Films,

Robert Aldrich Robert Aldrich Robert Aldrich was born into an extremely wealthy family. He became an assistant director in Hollywood, working in the 1945 - 1952 period with many directors. A notably high percentage of these were in the extreme left: Jean Renoir, Lewis Milestone, Robert Rossen, Joseph Losey, Charles Chaplin. Kiss Me Deadly Kiss Me Deadly (1955) is Aldrich's most remarkable film. Aldrich began directing in 1953, and by then, the film noir cycle had run its course as a Hollywood phenomenon, peaking in the years 1942 - 1951. However, film noirs were still being made steadily through the 1950's, and many of these works were classics of the cycle. There is a remarkably detailed visual analysis of the film in Kiss Me Deadly: Evidence of a Style by Alain Silver, in Film Noir Reader (1996), edited by Alain Silver and James Ursini. The remarks below are simply intended to point out a few more things about this film, one of the most complex and creative of all film noirs. 3D Camera Technique The staging in Kiss Me Deadly shows a three dimensional quality. Partly this is due to depth of field. Many scenes keep in focus far into the rear of the scene. This is a technique associated in Hollywood with Orson Welles. Aldrich is often considered to be a Welles disciple. There are other techniques that aid in the film's 3D quality: 1) The showing of an irregular wall along one side of the shot. When Mike Hammer's car pulls up to a gas station near the beginning of the film, we see the entire front of the gas station along the right side of the shot. The gas station facade is by no means smooth; it contains many projections. All of these are fully lit up. The gas station is shot as if it were an elaborate piece of sculpture, like one of Louise Nevelson's friezes. As the camera moves past it, it emphasizes the station's complex 3D qualities. The projections on the station all are rectilinear: they are box like, with flat, perpendicular walls. A shot with even greater depth of field shows Mike Hammer knocking on a door in the Angel's Flight neighborhood. Behind him we see first a long narrow alleyway, then a huge depth of field showing a Los Angeles city scape. This is an astonishing shot. Both the alley and the cityscape are irregular, just like the gas station. They are full of protuberances, and show a huge amount of specialized detail. The stairs view is bounded on the left by many protuberances from the building, mainly rectilinear, although there are some angular planes as well. A third similar shot shows the left hand side wall of Hammer's apartment. The tables and furniture form the rectilinear protuberances near Hammer's wall. 2) Aldrich often shows scenes with an L construction. For example, take the gas station, once the characters stop there and get gas. The front of the station is a long horizontal space. Then, at the left hand side of the station, we also see a walkway going straight back from the camera. The walkway is joined to the front of the station like the letter L. The front of the station forms the long part of the L, the shorter walkway the connecting stoke at the base of the L. Hammer's apartment is set up in a similar way. There is a long living room that is often shot so that it stretches from left to right, horizontally across the screen (just like the front of the gas station). Then at the left of the screen, a passage leading straight away from the camera leads to Mike Hammer's bed room (like the walkway at the left of the gas station). This is the same geometry of set design and camera set up in both scenes. The gym shows a similar L, but with the passage (the staircase) on the right hand side of the shot, not the left. The L construction shows movement in two completely perpendicular directions. This emphasizes the 3D nature of the shot. People do move along the short bar of the L: for example, at the gas station Cloris Leachman moves